Polyhedron exchange transformations (PETs) and induced transformations

Polyhedron exchange transformations and induced transformations

EXAMPLES:

A polyhedron partition:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})

Applying a rationnal rotation:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((2/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: Q = u(P)
sage: Q
Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters

Inducing an irrationnal rotation on a subdomain:

sage: z = polygen(QQ, 'z') #z = QQ['z'].0 # same as
sage: K = NumberField(z**2-z-1, 'phi', embedding=RR(1.6))
sage: phi = K.gen()
sage: h = 1/phi^2
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s}, base_ring=K)
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/phi, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: ieq = [h, -1, 0]   # x0 <= h
sage: P1,sub01 = u.induced_partition(ieq, P)
sage: P1
Polyhedron partition of 7 atoms with 7 letters
sage: sub01
{0: [0, 2],
 1: [1, 2],
 2: [1, 3],
 3: [0, 2, 2],
 4: [1, 2, 2],
 5: [1, 3, 2],
 6: [1, 3, 3]}

AUTHORS:

  • Sébastien Labbé, January 2019, added a class for polyhedron exchange transformations
class slabbe.polyhedron_exchange_transformation.PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(partition, translations)

Bases: object

Polyhedron Exchange Transformation (PET).

INPUT:

  • partition – a polyhedron partition
  • translations – list or dict

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: T = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, T)
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of 
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
with translations {0: (2/3, 0), 1: (-1/3, 0)}

REFERENCES:

  • Schwartz, Richard Evan. The Octagonal PETs. First Edition edition. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.
ambient_space()

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: T = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: F = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, T)
sage: F.ambient_space()
Vector space of dimension 2 over Rational Field
cylinder(word, partition=None, key_fn=None)

Return the region associated to the coding word.

INPUT:

  • word – list
  • partition – polyhedron partition (default:None), if None, it uses the domain partition of the transformation
  • key_fn – function (default:lambda a,b:(a,b)), the concatenation function

OUTPUT:

polyhedron partition

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition
sage: h = 1/2
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition([p,q,r])
sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: c = u.cylinder([2,2], P); c
Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters
sage: c.alphabet()
{(2, 2)}
sage: u.cylinder([1,1], P)
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 1 letters
sage: u.cylinder([1], P)
Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters

Cylinders of words of length 0:

sage: u.cylinder([], P).volume()
1

Cylinders of words of length 1:

sage: C1 = [u.cylinder([a], P).volume() for a in range(3)]
sage: C1
[1/8, 3/4, 1/8]
sage: sum(C1)
1

Cylinders of words of length 2:

sage: import itertools
sage: L2 = itertools.product(range(3),repeat=2)
sage: C2 = [u.cylinder([a,b], P).volume() for (a,b) in L2]
sage: C2
[1/72, 1/9, 0, 1/9, 19/36, 1/9, 0, 1/9, 1/72]
sage: sum(C2)
1

Cylinders of words of length 3:

sage: L3 = itertools.product(range(3),repeat=3)
sage: C3 = [u.cylinder([a,b,c], P).volume() for (a,b,c) in L3]
sage: sum(C3)
1

TESTS:

sage: u.cylinder([0,0,0], P)
Polyhedron partition of 0 atoms with 0 letters
sage: u.cylinder([2,3], P)
Polyhedron partition of 0 atoms with 0 letters
sage: u.cylinder([2,1], P)
Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters
sage: u.cylinder([], P)
Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters
cylinders(size, partition=None, key_fn=None)

Return the cylinders of given size.

INPUT:

  • size – nonnegative integer
  • partition – polyhedron partition (default:None), if None, it uses the domain partition of the transformation
  • key_fn – function (default:lambda a,b:a+b and every key of atoms of the partition is changed into a singleton tuple), the concatenation function

OUTPUT:

polyhedron partition

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: [u.cylinders(i) for i in range(5)]
[Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters,
 Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters,
 Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters,
 Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters,
 Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters]
sage: [u.cylinders(i).alphabet() for i in range(5)]
[{()},
 {(0,), (1,)},
 {(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0)},
 {(0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)},
 {(0, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0, 1)}]
domain()

Return the domain of the exchange transformation.

OUTPUT:

a polyhedron

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: T = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: F = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, T)
sage: F.domain()
A 2-dimensional polyhedron in QQ^2 defined as the convex hull of 4 vertices
sage: F.domain().vertices()
(A vertex at (0, 0),
 A vertex at (0, 1),
 A vertex at (1, 0),
 A vertex at (1, 1))
image_partition()

Return the partition of the image.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: T = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: F = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, T)
sage: F.image_partition()
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
induced_in_partition(ieq, partition=None)

Returns the partition of the induced transformation on the domain. given by an inequality.

INPUT:

  • ieq – list, an inequality. An entry equal to “[-1,7,3,4]” represents the inequality 7x_1+3x_2+4x_3>= 1.
  • partition – polyhedron partition (default:None), if None, it uses the domain partition of the transformation

OUTPUT:

dict of polyhedron partitions with keys giving the return time

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: ieq = [h, -1, 0]   # x0 <= h
sage: u.induced_in_partition(ieq, P)
{3: Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters}
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: ieq2 = [1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/2
sage: d = u.induced_in_partition(ieq2, P)
sage: d
{1: Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters,
 2: Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters,
 3: Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters}
induced_out_partition(ieq, partition=None)

Returns the output partition obtained as the induction of the transformation on the domain given by an inequality.

Note: the output partition corresponds to the arrival partition in the domain, not the initial one.

INPUT:

  • ieq – list, an inequality. An entry equal to “[-1,7,3,4]” represents the inequality 7x_1+3x_2+4x_3>= 1.
  • partition – polyhedron partition (default:None), if None, it uses the domain partition of the transformation

OUTPUT:

dict of polyhedron partitions with keys giving the return time

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: ieq = [1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/2
sage: d = u.induced_out_partition(ieq)
sage: [(i, d[i], d[i].alphabet()) for i in d]
[(1, Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters, {(0,)}),
 (2, Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters, {(0, 1)}),
 (3, Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters, {(0, 0, 1)})]
sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: ieq = [h, -1, 0]   # x0 <= h
sage: d = u.induced_out_partition(ieq, P)
sage: [(i, d[i], d[i].alphabet()) for i in d]
[(3,
  Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters,
  {(0, 2, 2), (1, 2, 2), (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 3)})]
sage: ieq2 = [1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/2
sage: d = u.induced_out_partition(ieq2, P)
sage: [(i, d[i], d[i].alphabet()) for i in d]
[(1, Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters, {(0,), (1,)}),
 (2, Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters, {(2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 3)}),
 (3,
  Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters,
  {(0, 2, 2), (1, 2, 2), (1, 2, 3), (1, 3, 3)})]
sage: Q = PolyhedronPartition(d[1].atoms()+d[2].atoms()+d[3].atoms())
sage: Q.is_pairwise_disjoint()
True
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: ieq3 = [-1/2, 1, 0]   # x0 >= 1/2
sage: u.induced_out_partition(ieq3, P)
{1: Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters,
 2: Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters,
 3: Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters}

It is an error if the induced region is empty:

sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: ieq4 = [-1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= -1/2
sage: u.induced_out_partition(ieq4, P)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Inequality An inequality (-2, 0) x - 1 >= 0 does
not intersect P (=Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4
letters)

The whole domain:

sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: ieq5 = [1/2, 1, 0]   # x0 >= -1/2
sage: d = u.induced_out_partition(ieq5, P)
sage: [(i, d[i], d[i].alphabet()) for i in d]
[(1,
  Polyhedron partition of 6 atoms with 4 letters, 
  {(0,), (1,), (2,), (3,)})]

An irrational rotation:

sage: z = polygen(QQ, 'z') #z = QQ['z'].0 # same as
sage: K = NumberField(z**2-z-1, 'phi', embedding=RR(1.6))
sage: phi = K.gen()
sage: h = 1/phi^2
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s}, base_ring=K)
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/phi, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: ieq = [phi^-4, -1, 0]   # x0 <= phi^-4
sage: d = u.induced_out_partition(ieq, P)
sage: d
{5: Polyhedron partition of 6 atoms with 6 letters,
 8: Polyhedron partition of 9 atoms with 9 letters}
induced_partition(ieq, partition=None, substitution_type='dict')

Returns the partition of the induced transformation on the domain.

INPUT:

  • ieq – list, an inequality. An entry equal to “[-1,7,3,4]” represents the inequality 7x_1+3x_2+4x_3>= 1.
  • partition – polyhedron partition (default:None), if None, it uses the domain partition of the transformation
  • substitution_type – string (default:'dict'), if 'column' or 'row', it returns a substitution2d, otherwise it returns a dict.

OUTPUT:

  • a polyhedron partition
  • a substitution2d or a dict

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)

We compute the induced partition of a polyhedron exchange transformation on a subdomain given by an inequality:

sage: ieq = [1/3, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/3
sage: u.induced_partition(ieq)
(Polyhedron partition of 1 atoms with 1 letters,
 {0: [0, 0, 1]})
sage: ieq = [1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/2
sage: u.induced_partition(ieq)
(Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters,
 {0: [0], 1: [0, 1], 2: [0, 0, 1]})

The second output can be turned into a column or a row Substitution2d if desired:

sage: u.induced_partition(ieq, substitution_type='row')
(Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters,
 Substitution 2d: {0: [[0]], 1: [[0], [1]], 2: [[0], [0], [1]]})

Now we construct a another coding partition:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})

We use this other partition to compute the induced partition:

sage: ieq = [h, -1, 0]   # x0 <= h
sage: Q,sub = u.induced_partition(ieq, P)
sage: Q
Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters
sage: sub
{0: [0, 2, 2], 1: [1, 2, 2], 2: [1, 2, 3], 3: [1, 3, 3]}
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s})
sage: ieq2 = [1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/2
sage: Q,sub = u.induced_partition(ieq2, P)
sage: Q
Polyhedron partition of 9 atoms with 9 letters
sage: sub
{0: [0],
 1: [1],
 2: [2, 2],
 3: [2, 3],
 4: [3, 3],
 5: [0, 2, 2],
 6: [1, 2, 2],
 7: [1, 2, 3],
 8: [1, 3, 3]}

Irrationnal rotations:

sage: z = polygen(QQ, 'z') #z = QQ['z'].0 # same as
sage: K = NumberField(z**2-z-1, 'phi', embedding=RR(1.6))
sage: phi = K.gen()
sage: h = 1/phi^2
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,h),(0,1),(h,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,0), (0,h), (h,1), (h,0)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(h,1), (1,1), (1,h), (h,0)])
sage: s = Polyhedron([(h,0), (1,0), (1,h)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r, 3:s}, base_ring=K)
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/phi, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: ieq = [h, -1, 0]   # x0 <= h
sage: P1,sub01 = u.induced_partition(ieq, P)
sage: P1
Polyhedron partition of 7 atoms with 7 letters
sage: sub01
{0: [0, 2],
 1: [1, 2],
 2: [1, 3],
 3: [0, 2, 2],
 4: [1, 2, 2],
 5: [1, 3, 2],
 6: [1, 3, 3]}

We do the induction on a smaller domain:

sage: ieq2 = [1/phi^3, -1, 0]   # x0 <= h
sage: P2,sub02 = u.induced_partition(ieq2, P)
sage: P2
Polyhedron partition of 10 atoms with 10 letters
sage: sub02
{0: [0, 2, 2],
 1: [1, 2, 2],
 2: [1, 3, 2],
 3: [1, 3, 3],
 4: [0, 2, 0, 2, 2],
 5: [0, 2, 1, 2, 2],
 6: [1, 2, 1, 2, 2],
 7: [1, 2, 1, 3, 2],
 8: [1, 3, 1, 3, 2],
 9: [1, 3, 1, 3, 3]}

We check that inductions commute:

sage: base = diagonal_matrix((phi^-2,1))
sage: translation = vector((phi^-3, 0))
sage: u1 = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: P2_alt,sub12 = u1.induced_partition(ieq2, P1)
sage: P2_alt
Polyhedron partition of 10 atoms with 10 letters
sage: P2_alt == P2
True

Up to a permutation of the alphabet, sub02 and sub01*sub12 are equal:

sage: s01 = WordMorphism(sub01)
sage: s12 = WordMorphism(sub12)
sage: s02 = WordMorphism(sub02)
sage: s02
WordMorphism: 0->022, 1->122, 2->132, 3->133, 4->02022, 5->02122, 6->12122, 7->12132, 8->13132, 9->13133
sage: s01*s12 == s02
True

By chance, the above is true, but in general, we have:

sage: perm = WordMorphism(P2.keys_permutation(P2_alt))
sage: perm
WordMorphism: 0->0, 1->1, 2->2, 3->3, 4->4, 5->5, 6->6, 7->7, 8->8, 9->9
sage: s01*s12*perm == s02
True
induced_transformation(ieq)

Return the induced transformation on the domain.

INPUT:

  • ieq – list, an inequality. An entry equal to “[-1,7,3,4]” represents the inequality 7x_1+3x_2+4x_3>= 1.

OUTPUT:

  • a polyhedron exchange transformation on the subdomain
  • a substitution (dict)

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = identity_matrix(2)
sage: translation = vector((1/3, 0))
sage: u = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)

We compute the induced transformation of a polyhedron exchange transformation on a subdomain given by an inequality:

sage: ieq = [1/2, -1, 0]   # x0 <= 1/2
sage: T,sub = u.induced_transformation(ieq)
sage: T
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of
Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters
with translations {0: (1/3, 0), 1: (-1/3, 0), 2: (0, 0)}
sage: sub
{0: (0,), 1: (0, 1), 2: (0, 0, 1)}
inverse()

Return the inverse of self.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: T = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: F = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, T)
sage: F
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of 
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
with translations {0: (2/3, 0), 1: (-1/3, 0)}
sage: F.inverse()
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of 
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
with translations {0: (-2/3, 0), 1: (1/3, 0)}
merge_atoms_with_same_translation()

Return a new partition into convex polyhedrons where atoms mapped by the same translation are merged if their union is convex.

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,h),(0,h)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(0,h),(h,h),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: r = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q, 2:r})
sage: d = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(1-h,0), 2:(-h,0)}
sage: T = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, d)
sage: T
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of
Polyhedron partition of 3 atoms with 3 letters
with translations {0: (2/3, 0), 1: (2/3, 0), 2: (-1/3, 0)}
sage: T.merge_atoms_with_same_translation()
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
with translations {0: (2/3, 0), 2: (-1/3, 0)}
partition()

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: d = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: T = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, d)
sage: T.partition()
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
plot()

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: d = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: T = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, d)
sage: T.plot()
Graphics object consisting of 16 graphics primitives
classmethod toral_translation(base, translation, fundamental_domain=None)

Return a polyhedron exchange transformation defined by a translation on a d-dimensional torus.

INPUT:

  • base – matrix, the columns are the base of a lattice
  • translation – vector, translation vector
  • fundamental_domain – polyhedron or None (default: None), if None the parallelotope defined by base is used.

OUTPUT:

a polyhedron exchange transformation on the fundamental domain of the lattice

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronExchangeTransformation as PET
sage: base = diagonal_matrix((1,1))
sage: translation = vector((1/5, 1/3))
sage: T = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: T
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of
Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters
with translations {0: (1/5, 1/3), 1: (1/5, -2/3), 2: (-4/5, 1/3), 3: (-4/5, -2/3)}
sage: T.partition()
Polyhedron partition of 4 atoms with 4 letters

Some preliminary definitions:

sage: z = polygen(QQ, 'z') #z = QQ['z'].0 # same as
sage: K = NumberField(z**2-z-1, 'phi', embedding=RR(1.6))
sage: phi = K.gen()
sage: vertices = ((-phi + 2, phi - 1), (-phi + 2, 1), (phi - 1, 1))
sage: p = Polyhedron(vertices, base_ring=K)

A translation +1 modulo phi on the x coordinate:

sage: base = diagonal_matrix((phi,phi))
sage: translation = vector((1, 0))
sage: t0 = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: t0
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
with translations {0: (1, 0), 1: (-phi + 1, 0)}
sage: t0(p).vertices()
(A vertex at (-phi + 3, phi - 1),
 A vertex at (-phi + 3, 1),
 A vertex at (phi, 1))

The inverse map:

sage: t0.inverse()
Polyhedron Exchange Transformation of
Polyhedron partition of 2 atoms with 2 letters
with translations {0: (-1, 0), 1: (phi - 1, 0)}
sage: t0(p) == p
False
sage: t0.inverse()(t0(p)) == p
True

A rotation modulo 1 on the y coordinate:

sage: base = diagonal_matrix((phi,phi))
sage: translation = vector((0, 1))
sage: t1 = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: t1(p).vertices()
(A vertex at (-phi + 2, 0),
 A vertex at (-phi + 2, -phi + 2),
 A vertex at (phi - 1, -phi + 2))

It works if the translation is larger than the fundamental domain:

sage: base = diagonal_matrix((1,1))
sage: translation = vector((phi, 0))
sage: t2 = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: t2(p).vertices()
(A vertex at (0, phi - 1), 
 A vertex at (0, 1), 
 A vertex at (2*phi - 3, 1))

The domain is the fundamental domain of the given lattice:

sage: base = diagonal_matrix((phi^-2,1))
sage: translation = vector((phi^-3, 0))
sage: t3 = PET.toral_translation(base, translation)
sage: t3.domain().vertices()
(A vertex at (-phi + 2, 0),
 A vertex at (-phi + 2, 1),
 A vertex at (0, 0),
 A vertex at (0, 1))

The fundamental domain can be given as input. For example, it can be a translated copy of the base parallelotope:

sage: base = diagonal_matrix((1,1))
sage: translation = vector((1/5, 1/3))
sage: F = polytopes.parallelotope(base)
sage: T = PET.toral_translation(base, translation, F-vector((1/10,1/10)))

But it does not always work well yet, for example for other shape of fundamental domains:

sage: m = matrix(2, (1,1,0,1))
sage: T = PET.toral_translation(base, translation, m*F)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
NotImplementedError: Volume of the partition is 41/45 but the
fundamental domain as volume 1. The code does not handle this
case properly yet.
translations()

EXAMPLES:

sage: from slabbe import PolyhedronPartition, PolyhedronExchangeTransformation
sage: h = 1/3
sage: p = Polyhedron([(0,0),(h,0),(h,1),(0,1)])
sage: q = Polyhedron([(1,0),(h,0),(h,1),(1,1)])
sage: P = PolyhedronPartition({0:p, 1:q})
sage: T = {0:(1-h,0), 1:(-h,0)}
sage: F = PolyhedronExchangeTransformation(P, T)
sage: F.translations()
{0: (2/3, 0), 1: (-1/3, 0)}